Scalable Innovation: Figures for Section I (pages 3-59).

Today, I continue posting figures from our new book Scalable Innovation: A Guide for Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and IP Professionals. In my previous post I uploaded and explained figures from the Introduction and Prologue. Now we continue with Section I, where we introduce a system model that explains existing inventions, technologies, and patents. We also show how to use the model for developing new ideas.


Chapter 1. We start with Invention, a great children poem by Shel Silverstein. For copyright reasons the publisher is not allowed to print the poem in our book, but you can find it on the web.

Figure 1.1 illustrates the problem encountered by the inventor.

FIGURE 1.1    “The cord ain’t long enough.”

Chapter 2. In this chapter we show (in 3-D!) how to map our system model on the Invention and discover missing elements.

FIGURE 2.1    Invention as a system concept, mapped onto its physical implementation.

FIGURE 2.2    The system model.

FIGURE 2.3    A working invention with all the system elements present.

To further explain the system model, we follow up with a number of examples, starting with Edison's electricity distribution system. Why Edison? Because many people believe he is the greatest innovator of all time without really understanding what he actually invented.

FIGURE 2.4 The diagram is courtesy the Lemelson–MIT Program. (From Lance Whitney, "Edison tops Jobs as world’s greatest innovator," c|net, January 26, 2012)

We show that Edison's real breakthrough was the new, scalable parallel electric grid, not the light bulb. The picture below shows grid design "before" (a) and "after" (b) Edison.

FIGURE 2.6 Before: (a) In the old electric grid the voltage decreased with distance away from the electricity generator, causing the bulbs to glow less brightly, or requiring the use of thicker (and thus more expensive) wires. After: (b) Edison introduces a compensating line (ground return) that allows the use of high voltages (which reduced the amount of expensive copper wiring needed), and at the same time permits all light bulbs to continue operating, unaffected by any one burning out, for example, and also allowing for additional generators or lamp arrays to be connected more easily.

In our second example we apply the system model to Steve Job's system and show how it goes far beyond the iPhone.

FIGURE 2.8    Mapping Steve Jobs’ system in 3-D

FIGURE 2.9 A 2-D diagram of the implementation layer. Element positions correspond to their system level functionality.

Chapter 3. We use the model analyze and understand patents.

FIGURE 3.1 Guiding Plasmon Signal, US Patent 7,542,633.

FIGURE 3.2. Zooming in on a specific system element. Control subsystem within a system.

Chapter 4. We consider the paradox of system interfaces and how successful solutions enable rapid growth.


In the beginning of the 20th century, GE developed an ingenious brand marketing campaign to promote its light bulbs, positioning Edison as a celebrity inventor (The greatest innovator of all time!).

FIGURE 4.1 Edison’s light bulb: the Sun’s only rival. Pictures courtesy of The Smithsonian Institution. (From Carl Sulzberger, A bright and profitable idea: Four decades of Mazda incandescent lamps, Power & Energy 4, 3 (2006): 78.)

Few people know that Edison's longest lasting invention is the standard screw-in light bulb socket (a system interface between the grid and lighting device).

FIGURE 4.2    Edison screw-in socket, US Patent 438,310.

Another example of a long-lasting system interface:

FIGURE 4.4    The QWERTY keyboard. C. L. Sholes’ typewriter US Patent 207,559.

Chapter 5. Here we introduce the concept of system Control Points.

FIGURE 5.1 A system diagram with Control Points and interfaces.

(To be continued...)

Scalable Innovation: Figures for Foreword and Prologue.

Our book Scalable Innovation: A Guide for Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and IP Professionals is now available for the general public, e.g. on Amazon. All figures in the text are printed in gray scale, which is not always optimal for our color originals. For those of you who enjoy reading the book, Max Shtein and I (Eugene Shteyn) would like to provide all figures in color, as originally intended (click to enlarge, if necessary).

Today, we upload figures for the introductory chapters of the book.

 

Foreword 

The figure below illustrates diminishing innovation-related growth. We should learn how to innovate better to address the problem!

Figure F.1 Growth in real GDP per capita, 1300-2100, with actual and hipothetical paths.
Source: Robert J. Gordon. Is U.S. economic growth over? Faltering innovation confronts the six headwinds. 2012. NBER Working Paper 18315. [5]

Prologue

This is how a typical trade-off diagram looks like: an improvement in one aspect makes another worse.

FIGURE 0.1    Shipment ␣exibility versus fuel ef␣ciency trade-off diagram. Cargo shipping by sea is more fuel ef␣cient than by airplane, train, or truck, but the shipment may take longer to arrive, and possible destinations may be limited to major ports.

Often, people think about innovation as a one-dimensional process: Old vs New.

FIGURE 0.2  The general view of old versus new that conflates the concepts/meanings of the terms invention and innovation.

By contrast, we want to emphasize a more realistic — seesaw-like — nature of the process.

FIGURE 0.3. A more realistic, two-dimensional depiction of the difference (and path) between invention and innovation.

We see innovation as a space where new things or ways of getting them done become possible. From this perspective, companies choose to enter innovation spaces at different points.

FIGURE 0.4. A company entry point into an innovation space. Apple and Facebook entered their respective innovation spaces closer to the invention point than Microsoft and Google+.

The process of innovation requires contributions from different people, either as individuals or members of the community. Eventually, breakthrough ideas become routine. You can see some of origins for this diagram in my earlier blog posts.

FIGURE 0.5 (a, b) Diagrams illustrating in graphical form the main conclusions of a recent study by Greg Linden et al., Innovation and Job Creation in a Global Economy. The Case of Apple iPod, 2011, http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2009/ InnovationAndJobCreation.pdf. To earn good money, one must become involved in non-routine processes in generating new products or services. Routine jobs pay little and are the target of relentless outsourcing, off-shoring, and, ultimately, automation. (For a stark illustration, see a related article by The Week editorial staff, “A Day in the Life of a Warehouse Wage Slave,” http://theweek.com/article/index/228096/a- day-in-the-life-of-a-warehouse-wage-slave and the recent purchase by Amazon of a warehouse robotics system.)

We believe creativity is a process that requires the right match between skills and challenges.

FIGURE 0.6 An illustration of the concept of Flow proposed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. (Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/␣le:challenge_vs_skill. svg; Source: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books. 1997, p. 31.)

( To be continued...)

(BN) Sanofi, Roll Global, Heineken, WWE: Intellectual Property

(Bloomberg ) Sanofi (SAN) won a U.S. appeals court ruling yesterday that revives a patent-infringement claim over generic versions of the allergy drug Allegra.

A trial judge erred in interpreting a patent on the drug that covers a process to make the active ingredient in the medicine, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said in an opinion posted on the court's website. The appeals court remanded the case for further proceedings based on the new understanding of what the patent covers.

In dispute is patent 5,750,703, which was issued in May 1998.

The case is Aventis Pharmaceuticals v. Amino Chemicals Ltd., 11-1335, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Washington). The lower court cases are Aventis Pharmaceuticals v. Mylan Pharmaceuticals, 2:04-cv-01077-GEB-MCA, and Aventis Pharmaceuticals v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc., 2:04-cv-01078-GEB-MCA, U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey (Newark).

CEA, BSA Line Up in Support of Patent-Ownership Disclosure Bill

The Consumer Electronics Association endorsed a measure that would require ownership data to be attached to U.S. patents.

The Arlington, Virginia-based trade group of consumer-products manufacturers said it approved the End of Anonymous Patents Act, which was introduced May 16 by U.S. Representative Ted Deutch, a Florida Democrat.

The measure -- H.R. 2024 -- would require disclosure of any change of ownership to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office within 90 days of the change. The disclosure would include any party with the legal right to enforce the patent, as well as any parent company or controlling entity.

Any party that failed to disclose this information would have damages available only from the date at which this information is made public.

In a statement issued at the time he introduced the bill, Deutch said that so-called patent trolls "go to great lengths to conceal the relevant ownership and interests involved," adding that the ownership information would "bring much-needed transparency to our patent system."

The CEA said in its statement that patent trolls -- also known as "non-practicing entities" because they don't produce products or provide services covered by the patents --"penalize innovators and drive up prices for consumers."

The Business Software Alliance, a Washington-based trade group whose members include Intel Corp. (INTC), Microsoft Corp. (MSFT), Oracle Corp. (ORCL) and Symantec Corp. (SYMC), also endorsed the proposed legislation. In its statement, the BSA said if enacted, the bill will "improve technology adoption and licensing by making it easier for potential users of patented inventions to identify and connect with patent holders so they can agree on terms."

Trademark

Roll Global Unit Sells 'Cuties,' Will Shed 'Wonderful' Oranges

Billionaire Stewart Resnick's Roll Global's Paramount Citrus unit is divesting itself of the "Cuties" trademark used for mandarin oranges, the company said in a statement.

The brand will go to Sun Pacific, a 44-year-old producer grower based in Pasadena, California. Previously Sun Pacific and Paramount jointly owned the brand.

Paramount Citrus will partner with Fresno-based Fowler Packing to build a new brand for mandarins, according to the statement. They will be sold under the same "Wonderful" label used for pistachios, almonds and pomegranates, the company said. The Wonderful brands are part of Roll Global.

Next year Paramount Citrus will also being selling Texas red grapefruit under the "Wonderful" label,'' the company said.

The "cuties" name was the subject of a trademark suit filed in federal court in Los Angeles last year. Paramount sued Sun Pacific's Califia Farms unit, claiming its sale of juice under the "Cuties" trademark violated their licensing agreement. Paramount dismissed the case in April 2012.

That case was Paramount Citrus Packing Co. v. Califia Farms LP, 2:12-cv-02415-R-RZ, U.S. District Court, Central District of California (Los Angeles).

Cancellation of Heineken's Russian 'Krusovice' Mark Barred

The Moscow Commercial Court refused to terminate trademark registration for Heineken NV (HEIA)'s "Krusovice" trademark, the Russian Legal Information Service reported.

Moscow-based AquaLife, a beverage company that is a parallel importer of the Krusovice beer -- which is brewed in the Czech Republic -- had sought the mark's cancellation so that it could use the name, according to RAPSI.

Russia's Supreme Commercial Court said in November than parallel imports are illegal, RAPSI reported.

AquaLife is also seeking termination of Diageo Plc (DGE)'s "Guinness" trademark in Russia after a Russian appeals court upheld a lower court's ruling barring AquaLife's parallel import of Guinness, according to RAPSI.

Copyright

WWE 'Entrance-Music' Copyright Suit Stays in Texas, Court Says

World Wrestling Entertainment Inc. must face copyright claims in Texas, a federal court ruled.

Composer James D. "Papa" Berg of Irving, Texas, sued the Stamford, Connecticut-based sports-entertainment company in federal court in Dallas in July. He claimed the company was making use of his music without authorization.

Berg composed a series of works used as entrance songs for wrestlers as they come into the arena. He said in his pleadings that he learned that WWE had improperly registered the works under the company's name, which diverted the royalty stream.

He claimed that the company was using this music without his permission on a round-the-clock cable channel, and as ring tones fans could buy.

WWE had sought to have the suit moved out of Texas, saying it didn't have enough of a presence in the state to justify trying the case there. U.S. District Judge Jane Boyle disagreed, saying in her May 15 order that WWE failed to show good reason why the case would be better tried in Connecticut.

She said that the company's wrestling-match programs are available in Texas, and that WWE products are offered for sale in the state, with the company knowingly benefited from Texas. She said that Texas "has a definite interest in insuring that one of its citizens be able to prosecute his claims at home."

Judge Boyle did reject some of Berg's claims, saying they were already covered by his copyright-infringement allegations.

The case is Papa Berg Inc. v. World Wrestling Entertainment Inc. (WWE), 3:12-cv-02406-B, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas (Dallas).

Trade Secrets/Industrial Espionage

McCartney Concert Ticket Pre-Sales Trade Secret, City Claims

The city of Orlando, Florida, said the promoter of the May 18 concert featuring former Beatle Paul McCartney has insisted that information about buyers of pre-sale tickets at face-value prices is a trade secret, the Orlando Sentinel reported.

The musician performed at a city-owned venue and Barbara Peterson, president of the state's First Amendment Foundation, told the Sentinel that this is enough reason to release the data.

An editorial writer for the newspaper argues that ticket pre-sales -- driven by concert promoters and the music industry -- puts the average consumer at a disadvantage, with as much as 80 percent of tickets for an event already sold before public sales are announced.

At a recent Taylor Swift concert at the facility, more than 80 percent of the tickets were pre-sold to members of the singer's fan club, season ticket-holders for the Orlando Magic, American Express cardholders, and media and VIPS, the newspaper reported.

(BN) Apple IPhone Loses Ground to Samsung in Consumer Survey

(Bloomberg ) Apple Inc. (AAPL) (AAPL)'s iPhone lost ground to Samsung Electronics Co. (005930) and Google Inc. (GOOG) (GOOG)'s Motorola in an annual study measuring the satisfaction of consumers, following a sales slowdown for the pioneering smartphone.

While the device still had the top ranking among mobile-phone users, Samsung and Motorola have narrowed the gap, according to the American Customer Satisfaction Index, which published its 2013 report today. The iPhone's rating fell 2.4 percent from a year earlier to a score of 81 from 83, while Samsung climbed 7 percent to 76 from 71. Motorola increased 5.5 percent to 77 from 73.

• Slideshow: When It Comes to Design, These Are No IPhones

IPhone sales increased 7 percent in the last quarter, the smallest gain since the phone was introduced in 2007. Samsung, meanwhile, has seen a surge in demand for its devices. The South Korean company captured a third of the global smartphone market in the first quarter -- almost double Apple's 18 percent -- according to research firm Strategy Analytics.

Much of Samsung's success has come from its Galaxy S3, which debuted last May, according to ACSI. Samsung's 7 percent improvement "is the largest yet for any cell-phone manufacturer," the report said. Samsung is now rolling out the follow-up to that device, the Galaxy S4.

Shares Slip

Shares of Cupertino, California-based Apple (AAPL) fell 0.7 percent to $439.66 at the close in New York. The stock has slumped 17 percent this year, compared with a 17 percent gain for the Standard & Poor's 500 Index.

Samsung, based in Suwon, South Korea, has seen its stock slip 2 percent to 1,492,000 won in the same period, while Google has climbed 28 percent.

Trudy Muller, an Apple spokeswoman, didn't return a message seeking comment.

In a ranking of wireless carriers, Sprint Nextel Corp. (S) lost its top spot to Verizon Wireless, according to the ACSI survey. After years as the laggard among the top four wireless service providers, Sprint had grabbed the top spot in 2011 and 2012.

While Sprint maintained its 71 score from last year, Verizon Wireless gained 4.3 percent to lead all carriers with a score of 73.

ACSI was founded at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business and is produced by ACSI LLC. For its reports, it surveys about 70,000 customers.

(BN) Seattle’s Best to Open Stores in Wal-Mart Parking Lots

(Bloomberg ) Seattle's Best Coffee, the chain owned by Starbucks Corp. (SBUX), tomorrow will open 10 new locations mostly in Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (WMT) parking lots, in what will be the biggest one-day opening event ever for the coffee seller. 

Eight of the 10 stores in the Dallas area will be in Wal-Mart lots, Frank Sica, vice president and general manager of Seattle's Best, said in an interview. There's no indoor seating at the 523 square-feet (49 square meters) shops and customers order from their cars at the drive-thru or at a walk-up window, he said.

"Our customer is definitely on the go -- they're value conscious and they're in need of a better cup of coffee," Sica said. "We were very strategic in terms of where we placed our locations."

Starbucks, which has owned Seattle's Best since 2003, has been trying to boost U.S. sales by expanding beyond its traditional coffee cafes. The Seattle-based company is also opening new Teavana locations after acquiring the tea seller last year for about $626 million. Starbucks has said it would expand Seattle's Best and revive its retail presence with more locations.

Seattle's Best has "forged a very strong relationship with Wal-Mart," Sica said. He declined to discuss future expansion plans and specifics of the contract with the world's largest retailer, which is based in Bentonville, Arkansas.

The first of the smaller-sized shops opened in November in Seattle after the brewer closed about 475 Seattle's Best stores that were inside Borders Group Inc. locations following the bookseller's bankruptcy filing in 2011.

Dunkin' Donuts

Four more Seattle's Best drive-thru stores are slated to open in the Dallas-Fort Worth area this year. The chain has about 75 locations, while Starbucks, the world's largest coffee-shop operator, has more than 11,100 shops in the U.S.

(BN) Intel CEO Krzanich Plans Faster Shift to Mobile Chips

(Bloomberg ) Intel Corp. (INTC)'s Brian Krzanich, who took over today as chief executive officer, said the world's largest computer chipmaker has the assets it needs to accelerate a push into mobile devices.

"We see that we've been a bit slow to move into that space," Krzanich said at the annual shareholder meeting at the company's headquarters in Santa Clara, California. "The base of assets that we have will allow us to grow in that area much faster moving forwards."

Krzanich, Intel's sixth chief executive, takes the helm as the company struggles to cut into Qualcomm Inc. (QCOM)'s lead in the $85.4 billion mobile-chip market. Industry-leading manufacturing and new products will enable the company to start making inroads in phones and tablets, he said.

Krzanich said he and newly promoted company President Renee James will try to make Intel more outward-looking in order to predict future trends in computing, Krzanich said.

That's more important as consumers, rather than corporations, take the leading role in determining which devices and technologies are successful, Chief Financial Officer Stacy Smith said in an interview following today's meeting.

"The lifecycle of those devices and the lifecycle of the leadership of the market is very short," he said. "The consumer is driving these very fast technology shifts."

Krzanich, a former factory manager, succeeds Paul Otellini, who retired. Intel has improved its execution in creating products for new markets and Krzanich, with his background in operations, is very focused on making sure that there are no slip ups, said Smith.

(BN) VMware Public Cloud Software Challenges Amazon, Microsoft

(Bloomberg ) VMware Inc. (VMW) is debuting a service that lets customers use the Web to access information and programs stored in its data centers, an effort to challenge Amazon.com Inc. (AMZN) and Microsoft Corp. (MSFT) in cloud computing.

Early testers of the vCloud Hybrid Service include News Corp. (NWSA)'s Fox Broadcasting and the state of Michigan, VMware Chief Executive Officer Pat Gelsinger in an interview. The product will be more widely available in the third quarter, he said.

VMware, the biggest provider of software that lets computers run multiple operating systems, is expanding in cloud-computing to bolster sales as U.S. customers trim technology spending. With the new product, VMware is entering the fastest-growing part of the cloud market, according to Gartner Inc., which estimates that sales of so-called infrastructure-as-a-service will surge by an average 38 percent annually to $30.6 billion by 2017 from $6.17 billion last year.

"Customers are asking for it -- clearly the whole public cloud service area has been growing and maturing," Gelsinger said. While he declined to provide pricing information, he said VMware's service will be more expensive than similar offerings from Amazon, the market leader, and Microsoft.

Gelsinger said VMware's new offering can command a premium because it lets users easily move applications between so-called private clouds, where software and services are run on customers' own machines, to public ones on VMware's servers.

Cloud Partners

Microsoft rolled out an infrastructure-as-a-service product last month along with a pledge to match Amazon's prices on certain offerings. While 71 percent of public-cloud customers said they use Amazon in a Forrester Research Inc. (FORR) survey, about 20 percent said they used Microsoft.

VMware will announce partnerships with Tibco Software Inc. (TIBX) as well as Pivotal -- a spinoff of VMware and its parent company EMC Corp. (EMC), according to Gelsinger. Those agreements will let customers run the applications they purchase from those companies in VMware's data centers, he said.

Microsoft will also allow vCloud Hybrid Service customers to use Microsoft's e-mail and database software running in the VMware cloud, Gelsinger said.

VMware is set to announce its new cloud product at an event today at the company's headquarters in Palo Alto, California.

(BN) Twitter Adopts Two-Step Authentication After Account Hack

(Bloomberg ) Twitter Inc. boosted security on its website, introducing two-step authentication that makes it harder for outsiders to gain access to accounts, a month after a false posting triggered a stock-market decline.

The new measure, available as an option starting today, requires users to input a code sent via text message to a mobile phone in order to log in, Jim O'Leary, a member of Twitter's product security team, said in a blog post.

Twitter, which has more than 200 million users, follows Apple Inc. (AAPL), Google Inc. (GOOG), and Facebook Inc. (FB) in introducing two-step authentication, as people put more information online. The hack of an Associated Press account last month resulted in tweets about explosions at the White House that wiped out $136 billion in value from the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. That increased pressure on Twitter Chief Executive Officer Dick Costolo to install safeguards for users as he prepares for an eventual initial public offering.

"Social sites are a big target of these hackers," said Barmak Meftah, chief executive officer of San Mateo, California-based computer-security company AlienVault Inc. "All the efforts around fortifying and securing these sites is obviously huge. It's great that Twitter is taking steps toward stopping this."

Twitter's new authentication feature has been in development since at least last month, according to a person familiar with the matter. The San Francisco-based company said it plans to introduce more security measures to prevent hacking.

AP Attack

"When you sign in to twitter.com, there's a second check to make sure it's really you," O'Leary wrote. "Much of the server-side engineering work required to ship this feature has cleared the way for us to deliver more account security enhancements in the future."

In the AP hacking attack, the fabricated tweet was sent after unauthorized users gained access to the account, the news agency said. Common tactics that hackers use include spear phishing attacks, in which someone is duped into installing malicious code onto their computer or mobile device, and malware hidden on websites.

The AP restored its Twitter account after a security review. The false information from the AP account, which also said President Barack Obama had been injured, came after repeated attempts by hackers to gain access to AP reporters' passwords, the news agency said.

Corporate Information

In February, the Twitter account for Jeep was taken over. About that same time, the account for Burger King also was compromised. While those breaches were quickly remedied without any significant loss of sales, businesses can come under greater scrutiny after financial regulators approved the use of social media to release market-sensitive information.

That followed an investigation into Netflix Inc. (NFLX) Chief Executive Officer Reed Hastings. He had posted monthly viewership results on his Facebook page, rather than in a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filing or news release. Tesla Motors Inc. (TSLA) Chief Executive Officer Elon Musk also fueled the debate in March, when he sent Twitter postings that moved the electric-car company's shares.

The SEC changed its guidance for companies distributing information April 2, allowing them to use social-media sites such as Twitter and Facebook to distribute announcements that can move markets.

"For a long period of time, banks were the main target, where hackers would embed a phishing link inside an e-mail," Meftah said. "Social sites are the new attack surface for these guys. If you can phish against Twitter, phish against Facebook - - the number of consumers that are going to be affected by it is massive."

A solution to the terrorism problem would be to make everybody wear Google Glass devices. If one sees or smells a bomb-making material, the device reports the incident to the authorities. With this setup everybody becomes a self-policing drone, with Google AI algorithms functioning as a giant external brain.

 Figure from: Intelligence: the eye, the brain, and the computer, by Fischler and Firschein. 1987. p. 18.

tags: problem, solution, detection, control, brain, mind

(BN) E-Books, Sony Music, Glaxo, IBM: Intellectual Property

(Bloomberg ) Pearson Plc (PSON)'s Penguin offered to overhaul pricing models for digital books to settle a European Union antitrust probe into whether they blocked competition.

Penguin won't "restrict, limit or impede" e-book retailers' discounts or their ability to "set, alter or reduce retail prices for e-books" for two years, according to details of the proposed changes as published in the EU's Official Journal April 19. Apple Inc. (AAPL), the world's biggest technology company, and four publishers previously offered similar remedies to allay European concerns.

The EU said Penguin, together with the four publishers and Apple, "may have breached EU antitrust rules that prohibit cartels and restrictive practices by jointly switching the sale of e-books from a wholesale model to agency contracts containing the same key terms," the Brussels-based European Commission said in a statement. The companies "may have engaged in a concerted practice with the object of raising retail prices of e-books" or blocking lower prices in Europe, it said.

The EU's antitrust regulator is giving competitors and customers until May 19 to comment on the proposed remedies, which could then become legally binding in a settlement that would end the investigation without imposing fines or determining that the companies violated competition rules. The commission said it will conduct another such market test "if substantial changes to the commitments are subsequently made."

Penguin said that "subject to the market test currently under way, it has reached an agreement with the European Commission to settle its investigation," according to an e- mailed statement on Friday.

"Penguin's position that it has done nothing wrong remains unchanged and the company continues to believe that the agency pricing model operates in the best interests of consumers and authors," the company said in the statement.

Patent

Glaxo Gets OFT Complaint for Paying to Delay Seroxat Copies

GlaxoSmithKline Plc (GSK) was sent an antitrust complaint by U.K. regulators who say the company may have colluded with generic- drug makers to keep copies of its Seroxat antidepressant off the market.

Glaxo, the U.K.'s biggest drugmaker, may have paid Alpharma Ltd., Generics (U.K.) Ltd. and a unit of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (TEVA) to delay the release of cheaper, copycat versions of the drug, the U.K. Office of Fair Trading said on its website. Seroxat was one of Glaxo's best-selling drugs from 2002 through 2004, when the agreements were in place, the OFT said.

"The introduction of generic medicines can lead to strong competition on price, which can drive savings for the NHS, to the benefit of patients and, ultimately, taxpayers," said Ann Pope, a director at the OFT, referring to the U.K.'s publicly funded National Health Service.

Antitrust regulators on both sides of the Atlantic are focusing on how settlements between companies that make branded medicines and generics producers might harm consumers. Les Laboratoires Servier, H. Lundbeck A/S (LUN) and Teva, the world's largest generic-drug maker, were sent statements of objections last year by the European Union's antitrust watchdog over possible delays for generic drugs.

The OFT probe covers matters already examined by the EU without subsequent sanctions, David Daley, a spokesman for the London-based company, said by e-mail.

Glaxo "supports fair competition and we very strongly believe that we acted within the law, as the holder of valid patents for paroxetine, in entering the agreements under investigation," Daley said in an e-mail, referring to the active ingredient in Seroxat.

Glaxo and the generic companies were sent so-called statements of objections, the OFT said. Daley said the company will need time to review the documents before considering any further action.

Copyright

Songwriter Settles Suit Against Sony and Alicia Keys

Earl Shuman, who wrote the song "(Hey There) Lonely Girl" has settled a suit filed in December against Sony Music, Alicia Keys and several other defendants. He claimed that Keys' latest hit, "Girl on Fire," sampled several seconds of his song without authorization or payment. The song, which he co-wrote with Leon Carr, was a hit in 1969 and 1980.

The terms of the settlement weren't disclosed.

Los Angeles attorney Philip Kaplan, who represented Shuman, didn't return a call seeking comment. Sony Music, a division of Sony Corp. (6758), declined to comment.

The case is Shuman v. Sony Entertainment, 2:12-cv-10572, U.S. District Court for the Central District of California (Los Angeles).

Deals

Venture Capital Investments Drop in First Quarter of 2013

From January through March, according to the National Venture Capital Association, 863 companies received $5.867 billion in venture capital investments.

The amounts reflect a decline of 12 percent in dollar amounts and 15 percent in the number of deals from the fourth quarter of 2012, when $6.7 billion was invested in 1,013 deals.

The NVCA said that the life sciences and clean technology sectors faced the most severe decreases, while there were "notable" increases in the media and entertainment industry.

Lenovo Said to Be in Talks to Buy Parts of IBM Server Unit

Lenovo Group Ltd. (992), the Chinese personal-computer maker, is the most likely bidder for parts of International Business Machines Corp. (IBM)'s server division, a person familiar with the matter said.

The business, which sells servers running x86 processors, may fetch $2.5 billion to $4.5 billion depending on what assets and liabilities are included, said the person, who asked to not be named because the talks are private. An agreement may still be several weeks away, the person said.

Lenovo used the 2005 purchase of IBM's PC unit as a steppingstone to become the world's second-largest producer.

The talks were previously reported in CRN, a publication aimed at technology integrators. In response to the story, Lenovo said it was in "preliminary" discussions about a potential acquisition with a third party, which it didn't name.

Jeffrey Shafer, a Lenovo spokesman, said in an e-mail he had no additional comment beyond that statement.

IBM Chief Financial Officer Mark Loughridge said on his company's earnings call that he wouldn't comment on rumors. Ed Barbini, a spokesman for Armonk, New York-based IBM, also declined to comment on the Lenovo talks.

(BN) Google Sees Renewable Energy Tariffs as New Utility Product

April 19 (Bloomberg) -- Google Inc., which has invested more than $1 billion in renewable energy projects and buys wind- generated electricity, said utilities should offer large customers more options for using clean power.

"What's needed is a new tariff structure that allows companies to request and purchase renewable energy directly from their utilities," the Mountain View, California-based company said in a statement today.

Google, the operator of the world's largest Internet search engine, is funding projects ranging from rooftop solar power at homes to desert solar-thermal systems and two of the world's largest wind farms. It also buys wind power from two facilities in Oklahoma and one in Iowa and has installed solar panels on its corporate headquarters.

Each of those investments has limitations and "can be cumbersome," particularly the power purchase agreements, because Google resells the electricity on the wholesale market after retiring the associated green-energy credits, according to the Google statement.

"While the renewable facility output is not being used directly to power a Google data center, the PPA arrangement assures that additional renewable generation sufficient to power the data center came on line in the area," Google said. "The downsides are that these PPAs require us to actively manage purchases and sales of power on the wholesale energy markets, which can be a complex process," it said.

Duke's Program

More than 60 percent of Global Fortune 500 companies have renewable energy or greenhouse gas reduction targets, though utilities aren't doing enough to satisfy demand, Google said. "Even though companies want renewable power and are willing to pay for it, the product is not being offered," it said.

Duke Energy Corp., the largest U.S. utility owner, is developing a program in North Carolina that would sell clean energy directly to large customers that opt into the service without raising prices for other ratepayers. The proposal will be filed with state regulators within 90 days, and Google plans to participate, the company said in an e-mailed statement announcing a $600 million expansion of its data center in Lenoir, North Carolina.

"We're really trying to expand ways to drive more investment in renewable power, and this is a mechanism for doing that," Michael Terrell, Google's senior policy counsel for energy and sustainability, said yesterday by telephone. "We're really hoping that this concept is something that catches on and is enacted in many states," he said.

Utilities owned by Dominion Resources Inc. and NV Energy Inc. have introduced similar proposals, according to Google.

(BN) Apple Brand Value at $153 Billion Overtakes Google for Top Spot

(Bloomberg ) Apple Inc. (AAPL), maker of the iPhone, iPad and iMac, overtook search-engine giant Google Inc. (GOOG) to become the world's most valuable brand, WPP Plc said in a report today.

Apple's brand value climbed 84 percent in the past year to $153.3 billion, WPP's Millward Brown unit said. Google's brand lost 2 percent to $111.5 billion, ending four years atop the rankings, while International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) climbed 17 percent to be the No. 3, ahead of McDonald's Corp. (MCD)

New versions of the iPhone and iMac, and the introduction of the iPad tablet, helped Cupertino, California-based Apple almost double sales and profit for the latest quarter. Apple, which overtook Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. (MSFT), as the most-valuable technology company by market value in May 2010, boosted its share of the global phone market and is the leading seller of tablet computers.

"It's clear that every single Apple employee, from Steve Jobs and Tim Cook to the summer interns, see protecting and nurturing that brand as a top priority," Millward Brown Chief Executive Officer Eileen Campbell wrote in the report. "Tablet computing also drove value growth not just for Apple, but also for the providers who support yet another networked device."

Facebook Inc., operator of the world's largest social- networking site, had a 246 percent climb in brand value, the fastest, to become the No. 35 brand at $19.1 billion, according to the report. Baidu Inc., Google's Chinese rival, posted the second-fastest climb at 141 percent, to be the No. 29 brand at $22.6 billion.

Twelve of the top 100 global brands were from China, led by China Mobile Ltd. (941) at No. 9 and Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd. at No. 11. Amazon.com Inc. (AMZN), which ranked 14th, overtook Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (WMT), which ranked 15th, to become the most-valuable retail brand..

(BN) Genes, Fake Wine, Martha Stewart: Intellectual Property

(Bloomberg ) Inventors who want to emigrate from their native countries put the U.S. as their top destination, according to economists at the World Intellectual Property Organization in Geneva.

Canada and Australia are the next most popular among 17 countries studied from 1990 to 2010, while Germany, Italy and the U.K. are the least, said economists Carsten Fink, Ernest Miguelez and Julio Raffo in a report based on patent data and published at a migration conference in London last week.

The American advantage is even greater when only residents from countries outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are accounted for, reflecting sizeable inflows into America by skilled Indian and Chinese inventors, according to the report.

The pool of talent is probably growing too. Data from the United Nations show the estimated migrant population worldwide was 213 million in 2010, a 58 percent increase from 1990. The migration rate of inventors reached as much as 9 percent in the 2000s, the economists said.

That shows migration is a "critical pillar of the ongoing process of globalization," they said.

Patent

Hitachi Loses Bid for Royalties on TPV High-Definition TV Sales

Hitachi Ltd. (6501) lost a U.S. patent-infringement trial in which it sought as much as four years of royalty payments from TPV Technology Ltd. (903) on sales of high-definition televisions.

A federal jury in Marshall, Texas, last week said TPV, the world's fourth-largest maker of LCD televisions, didn't infringe four Hitachi patents and that two of them were invalid.

The dispute is over inventions related to an industry-wide standard for a process to transmit digital audio and visual signals, as well as program data, over the airwaves. Hitachi claimed that televisions made by TPV and its units infringed the company's patents.

TPV sells televisions under its own brands AOC and Envision, according to information on the company's website. It also took over Royal Philips Electronics NV's television operation last year. LCD televisions generated $3.7 billion in sales, about a third of TPV's total revenue, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

TPV denied infringing the patents and claimed at least some of them were invalid. Hong Kong-based TPV also is the world's biggest contract maker of computer monitors.

Tokyo-based Hitachi ended 56 years of TV manufacturing last year as part of a turnaround from a record loss three years ago amid falling prices for the electronics. It outsources manufacturing while still selling Hitachi-branded TVs.

The case is Hitachi Consumer Electronics Co. v. Top Victory Electronics (Taiwan) Co., 10-cv-00260, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas (Marshall).

Biotech Industry at Stake as U.S. Court Weighs Human Gene Patent

For 30 years, biotechnology innovators have secured thousands of U.S. patents on genes, defining the legal rights to medical and agricultural products worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

Now the U.S. Supreme Court is considering whether that was all a big mistake, Bloomberg's Greg Stohr and Susan Decker report. The court will today hear arguments over the patenting of human genes. A group of doctors, patients and scientists who say patents are stifling clinical testing and research. The group is challenging Myriad Genetics Inc. (MYGN)'s patents on genes linked to breast and ovarian cancer.

A decision against gene patenting would ripple across a host of industries -- including biotechnology, agriculture, industrial microbiology and pharmaceuticals. The case has implications for the growing field of personalized medicine and efforts to map the human brain and discover new uses for embryonic stem cells.

The case, which the court will decide by June, is splitting the medical community. Trade groups for the biotechnology, agriculture and drug industries are siding with Myriad. They say gene patents have led to valuable treatments, including Amgen Inc. (AMGN)'s Epogen anemia drug and synthetic insulin developed by Genentech Inc., now part of Roche Holding AG.

Doctor groups such as the American Medical Association are backing the challengers to the patents. They have partial support from the Obama administration, which is urging the court to uphold parts of Myriad's patents and void other aspects.

The dispute comes to the court in an emotionally charged package, with patient advocates accusing Myriad of standing in the way of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. The company at one point demanded that the University of Pennsylvania stop clinical testing of cancer patients. Breast cancer patient advocates are planning a demonstration outside the court.

Critics say Myriad's patents effectively give the company ownership rights over a part of the human body.

The case is Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, 12-398, U.S. Supreme Court (Washington).

Trademarks

Macy's Loses Bid to Broaden Ban on J.C. Penney Stewart Sales

J.C. Penney Co. (JCP) will be allowed to sell unbranded items designed by Martha Stewart's company in certain categories exclusive to Macy's Inc. after a New York state judge denied Macy's bid for an order blocking the sales.

New York State Supreme Court Justice Jeffrey Oing on April 12 declined to expand an earlier preliminary injunction to cover products designed by Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia Inc. (MSO) and sold at J.C. Penney that aren't branded with the Stewart name.

Oing said Macy's, the second-biggest U.S. department-store chain, hadn't shown that it would suffer irreparable harm if J.C. Penney was allowed to sell the unbranded goods. The judge said his earlier injunction issued in July only applied to goods branded with Martha Stewart's name in categories exclusive to Macy's, such as cookware and bedding.

Macy's is suing both Martha Stewart Living and J.C. Penney, alleging that the sale of products designed by Stewart's company in J.C. Penney stores violates an exclusivity deal between Martha Stewart and Macy's signed in 2006.

"We're going to appeal," Ted Grossman, an attorney with Jones Day representing Cincinnati-based Macy's, told reporters after the judge's ruling. "We're going to seek a stay and we're going to do it immediately."

The ruling means J.C. Penney can now start selling products designed by Martha Stewart Living in the categories exclusive to Macy's under the name of "JCP Everyday" at least until the end of the trial.

Oing warned lawyers for J.C. Penney to avoid any mention of Stewart's name in connection with the unbranded merchandise.

The three sides returned to court last week to resume a trial of Macy's lawsuits following a monthlong break, during which mediation efforts ordered by Oing were unsuccessful.

The parties are scheduled to return to Oing's courtroom tomorrow to determine the status of the case.

The cases are Macy's Inc. (M) v. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia Inc., 650197/2012; Macy's Inc. v. J.C. Penney Corp., 652861/2012, New York State Supreme Court (Manhattan).

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Counterfeits

Billionaire Koch Wins $12 Million Wine Trial Punitive Award

Billionaire William Koch, after winning a $379,000 verdict against a consigner who sold him 24 counterfeit bottles of wine from France's Bordeaux region, was awarded $12 million in punitive damages by the same jury April 12.

A federal jury in Manhattan on April 11 found against the consigner, Eric Greenberg, concluding he made fraudulent representations about the authenticity and provenance of the wine, including many purported grand crus that cost Koch tens of thousands of dollars. The award comprised the amount Koch paid for the wine at a 2005 auction and $1,000 in compensatory damages for each bottle.

The jury of six men and two women, who heard Koch and Greenberg testify during the three-week trial, returned to court on April 12 to consider punitive damages. Koch, the brother of conservative Tea Party funders David Koch and Charles Koch, is the founder of West Palm Beach, Florida-based Oxbow Carbon & Minerals LLC.

Koch sued Greenberg, the founder and chairman emeritus of Scient Corp., alleging he defrauded him and had falsely advertised the authenticity and quality of the wines. Koch said in his 2007 complaint that Greenberg falsely promoted the collection as "the Best of the Best," claiming that some dated back to the Belle Epoque.

The suit was one of several filed by Koch against wine consigners and auction houses that he says sold counterfeit wine. An earlier lawsuit against New York-based Zachys Wine & Liquor Inc., where he had bought the wine, was settled for an unspecified amount.

Arthur Shartsis, a lawyer for Greenberg, told jurors during the trial that his client hadn't misrepresented the wines and had instead relied on wine experts at Zachys to inspect and authenticate his bottles for the sale. Shartsis said that the auction catalog also included a provision that the wines were sold "as-is" and said Koch hadn't bothered to inspect the bottles before the sale or make any inquiries.

The case is Koch v. Greenberg, 07-cv-09600, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (Manhattan).

Detwiler Fenton & Co., a financial-services firm in Boston, said April 11 that U.S. retailers were seeing a significant increase in customers returning their Z10s because they found the interface unintuitive. The report contributed to a 7.8 percent plunge in BlackBerry shares the same day, marking the stock's worst one-day drop in almost two months.

BlackBerry, based in Waterloo, Ontario, responded that sales are meeting expectations and return rates are in line with the rest of the industry. It asked both the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Ontario Securities Commission to review the Detwiler report, saying it was either "a gross misreading of the data or a willful manipulation."

BlackBerry, formerly known as Research In Motion Ltd. (BB), is counting on the new Z10 phone -- and its pending companion device, the Q10 -- to fuel a turnaround after years of market- share losses. While its stock has more than doubled since September on optimism about the company's prospects, more short sellers are betting that the comeback will fail. Short positions by investors looking to profit from a drop in the shares are near a record high.

Netflix's Hastings Posts User Data on Facebook as SEC Shifts

Netflix Inc. (NFLX) Chief Executive Officer Reed Hastings posted quarterly viewer data on Facebook, a day after announcing he would take advantage of new rules that allow material information to be disclosed over social media.

"Over the last three months, you all watched over 4 billion hours on Netflix," Hastings wrote April 11 on his page on Facebook Inc. (FB)'s social-media service.

Hastings is staking out a lead role in the use of social media to communicate with investors. Netflix said on April 10 it may use Facebook and Twitter for material announcements, permissible under guidelines issued last week by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which ended a probe into Hastings' earlier Facebook posts on viewer usage.

The new SEC guidelines clear companies to use Facebook and Twitter as long as investors are notified first.

Netflix, based in Los Gatos, California, said it will continue to make financial announcements on its website, in filings and in press releases. The company said it may also release material information on its Facebook and Twitter accounts, Hastings's Facebook page or on the Netflix Blog and Netflix Tech Blog.

(BN) Innovation in Age of Crazy Cheesy Crust

 (Bloomberg ) "Over the last 12 to 18 months, you've seen a lot of innovation," Eric Hirschhorn, Burger King's vice president of global innovation, said in an interview. The Miami-based chain last year introduced 57 new items, the biggest menu overhaul in the company's history and more than twice as many as in 2011, he said. In March, the Whopper seller rolled out bacon-filled tater tots for $1.99.

The new foods and drinks, some permanent and some for a limited time, are partly the result of the nascent economic recovery. During the downturn, some chains pulled back on creating items and promoted the value of their $1 menus. McDonald's fiddled with the flavors of McCafe drinks at the expense of new food, while Burger King targeted young males. Now, both chains, and their rivals, are dishing up more creations.

Sales at the top 500 U.S. limited-service restaurant chains rose 5.6 percent to $184.9 billion last year, outpacing the 2.9 percent growth of sit-down eateries, according to Chicago-based researcher Technomic Inc.

Driving Traffic

"New product news in this space is what drives guest traffic," said Peter Saleh, a New York-based analyst at Telsey Advisory Group. "You can't just rely on the old faithful Big Mac and Whopper."

McDonald's recently began selling Fish McBites and sweet- chili chicken wraps and later this month will roll out a 250- calorie egg-white breakfast sandwich at its more than 14,100 U.S. locations.

Americans "want variety, and I think we're starting to see that willingness to give them the variety that they're looking for," Dan Coudreaut, executive chef and director of culinary innovation at McDonald's, said in an interview.

Coudreaut, who worked on the egg-white sandwich, has his own chefs' kitchen at the company's headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois, while his team has six other test rooms. Prior to joining McDonald's in 2004, Coudreaut had been a sous chef at Quatorze Bis in New York City and Cafe Pacific in Dallas.

New Items

There have been 32 new and limited-time menu items so far this year at McDonald's, Burger King and Wendy's Co. (WEN), compared with 10 last year during the same time, according to Datassential, a food-industry researcher in Los Angeles. Along with its new products, McDonald's is testing a steak-and-egg burrito and chicken wings, while Wendy's is trying out fish wraps in some locations.

Restaurants also are putting lower-calorie options on their menus to prepare for federal legislation that would require chains to list nutritional information on their menus, Saleh said. Burger King introduced a turkey burger for $3.99 and last year the chain rolled out fruit smoothies as well as chicken, apple and cranberry salads.

"They don't want to be the one who doesn't have something for 300 or 400 calories," he said.

More Valuable

McDonald's and Burger King have become more valuable to investors recently. The Big Mac seller traded at a 21 percent premium to the Standard & Poor's 500 Index on a price-to- earnings basis yesterday, compared with 13 percent in November, as its shares gained 9.8 percent in the six months through yesterday. Burger King shares climbed 27 percent in the same period. Red Robin is also more valuable -- it traded at a 39 percent premium to the S&P 500, compared with 6.1 percent in October. McDonald's rose 0.5 percent to $101.96 at 9:44 a.m. in New York, while Burger King added 3.2 percent to $19.05 and Red Robin gained 0.2 percent to $44.74.

At Pizza Hut, Executive Chef Wiley Bates just introduced crazy cheesy crust pizza, a new pizza with pockets of melted cheese around the outer edge. Bates, who joined Pizza Hut in 2011, was previously a culinary arts professor and has been the director of food and beverage at Le Meridien (HOT) hotel in Dallas. The chain, owned by Yum! Brands Inc. (YUM), earlier this year started selling another Bates creation: pizza sliders -- 9 for $10.

Still, restaurant test kitchens should proceed with caution, said Bob Goldin, executive vice president at Technomic. Restaurants have introduced some notable flops over the years, such as McDonald's spaghetti and the Bell Beefer loose-meat sandwich at Taco Bell.

'Core Audience'

"You don't want to alienate your core audience, but you definitely want to expand," he said.

Red Robin (RRGB), a 470-store burger chain, also is investing in new food. Last year, it added three people to its culinary team and opened a 12,000-square-foot (1,115-square-meter) test kitchen, where the televisions are usually tuned to the Food Network, near its headquarters in Greenwood Village, Colorado. The burger and beer seller is also turning to schools, such as Johnson & Wales University and the Culinary Institute of America, to bolster its culinary staff, said Denny Marie Post, senior vice president and chief menu and marketing officer.

"We are starting to look at recent graduates," Post said. "They need not toil in the back of a kitchen."

Luciana Page, a hospitality management student at Florida International University in North Miami, will intern with Red Robin this year after her Korean Kalbi BBQ hamburger won the company's student burger recipe contest. While she started school with the goal of working at a Ritz Carlton hotel, she says she would consider employment at a large chain restaurant.

Appealing Job

Doing research in a test kitchen is appealing, Page, 35, said in an interview.

"Not just being a chef and making meals but sitting there and coming up with concepts," she said. Page's hamburger may be sold in Red Robin restaurants later this year.

Along with its signature burgers, Red Robin this year began selling an alcoholic shake made with Guinness beer, Jameson whiskey and chocolate ice cream.

There's been more interest in working in test kitchens.

"There are so many different restaurants that are coming up with innovative things," said Kianna Ramos, career services director at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts in Minneapolis/St. Paul, which has its campus in Mendota Heights, Minnesota. "There have been more students that are wondering, 'Does that fit'" my career plans?

Culinary Students

The same thing is happening at the Culinary Institute of America's three U.S. campuses, said Wendy Higgins, career services director in Hyde Park, New York. Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc (CMG). recruits students at the school's quarterly job fairs and founder Steve Ells is a graduate, she said.

"You're seeing more and more students coming up that are attracted to this side of the business," said Marshall Scarborough, manager of global product development at Atlanta- based Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen, owned by AFC Enterprises Inc (AFCE)., and a student adviser at the Research Chefs Association in Atlanta. Scarborough, who used to cook at country clubs and at a Michelin-starred restaurant in Frisange, Luxembourg, started at Popeyes in 2006.

Scarborough helped with the creation of six chicken dipping sauces that were introduced at Popeyes last year. Among the new flavors: Bayou Buffalo, Sweet Heat and Blackened Ranch.

Besides the appeal of creating food for millions of people, culinary-school graduates like the 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. schedule at many test kitchens, Scarborough said.

"They see that they can have a life outside of a restaurant," he said.

(BN) Warehouses Win Investors as Unsung Internet-Trade Heroes

(Bloomberg ) The growth of Internet shopping in Europe is luring investors such as Axa Real Estate and Blackstone Group LP (BX) to the cinder-block world of warehouses, where yields are beating showy storefronts and sleek offices amid a space shortage.

"Net effective rents could grow by as much as 20 percent over the next four years," Philip Dunne, president for Europe at San Francisco-based Prologis Inc. (PLD), the world's largest warehouse owner, said of the company's portfolio in the region. "In wider Europe, with a population bigger than the U.S., we have four-and-a-half times less modern product. That gives you some sense of the scale and opportunity for growth."

Europe needs 25 million square meters (296 million square feet) of new distribution and storage warehouses in the next five years, about 11 percent of existing modern space, to keep up with Internet sales growth, Jones Lang LaSalle Inc. said last month. The assets generate annual income that's 2 percentage points higher than offices and shops in Europe relative to their value and a lack of space will lift prices, said Remy Vertupier, manager of the Logistis fund run by AEW Europe, a unit of Paris- based Natixis (KN) Global Asset Management SA.

Axa Real Estate, Europe's largest property manager, plans to add logistics centers even as it sells some of its malls. The company estimates that 90 percent of retail growth in the U.K., France and Germany will come from online shopping in the next four years. The unit of Paris-based Axa SA, Europe's second- largest insurer, managed 45 billion euros ($59 billion) of real estate at the end of 2012.

Retail Shift

"We will be reducing retail on a selective basis, keeping the core assets," Axa Real Estate Chief Executive Officer Pierre Vaquier said in a March interview. "It's due not only to the economic environment, but also to the structural change that is happening in retail" because of the Internet.

Internet retail sales in Europe are expected to grow about 50 percent to 191 billion euros from this year through 2017, according to a report last month by Forrester Research Inc.

Investment in European warehouses increased 13 percent last year to about 10 billion euros, BNP Paribas said in a report last month. Norges Bank Investment Management, the Norwegian company that runs the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, bought 50 percent of a European warehouse portfolio from Prologis last month for 1.2 billion euros. A joint venture formed to manage the 195 distribution and storage buildings said it may buy more portfolios or individual properties.

Construction Slowdown

Developers probably won't relieve the space shortage anytime soon because rents are still too low to justify speculative construction and banks in Europe are holding back on lending for projects, Prologis's Dunne said in an interview. A lack of construction in the U.S. has helped rents at "big box" assets of 250,000 square feet or more outperform the rest of the industrial market since the country's recession ended in 2009, Chicago-based Jones Lang said.

Rental returns from warehouses are beating other types of real estate and outpacing assets that typically attract pension funds and insurers. Annual rental income from U.K. logistics centers equaled about 6.8 percent of building values last year, according to Investment Property Databank. That compares with 5.8 percent for stores and 5.5 percent for offices. U.K. 10-year gilts have an annual return of about 2 percent.

European Acquisitions

The properties are attracting North American investors including Toronto-based Brookfield Asset Management Inc. (BAM/A) and Blackstone of New York. LogiCor, set up by funds managed by Blackstone, has spent about 1.5 billion euros acquiring 26 million square feet of warehouses in the U.K., France and Poland since starting up last year.

"Our goal is to at least double" the size of its portfolio "over the next couple of years", LogiCor President and Chief Executive OfficerMo Barzegar said in an interview.

LogiCor can buy properties with cash and then secure bank financing later which gives it an advantage over competitors, he said. For properties worth more than 100 million euros "we are very, very competitive because of our ability to move quickly and close" deals quickly, he said.

Warehouse tenants like Amazon.com Inc. (AMZN), the world's largest Internet retailer, typically want little more than "four walls and a roof with loads of doors and a deep truck court," said Dunne of Prologis. That means building warehouses costs about an eighth as much as offices and a fifth of the price of shopping malls, according to data compiled by London-based real estate consultants Davis Langdon.

Zalando, Docdata

"Amazon is the one everyone watches, but there are a number of other operators out there," he said. "You've got companies like Zalando in Germany, Docdata (DOCD), another e-commerce provider, and a number of grocery retailers operating e-commerce through their facilities."

Amazon.com wants to lease about 20 U.K. warehouses of 5,000 square meters to 10,000 square meters to allow same-day delivery, Jones Lang said in a March report. Goodman Group, the world's second-biggest industrial property manager by market value, has developed more than 580,000 square meters of warehouse space for Amazon in Europe and plans to construct a further 225,000 square meters across two logistics centers for the Internet retailer, the company said in its annual report in September. Amazon didn't respond to a request for a comment.

Goodman has gained about 21 percent in the last six months compared with an 11 percent increase in Australia's S&P/ASX 50 Index. Prologis advanced 15 percent in New York trading in the same period, beating a 9.5 percent rise for the S&P 500 Index.

Good Fit

Investors such as life insurers and pension funds are looking to buy infrastructure such as warehouses because the income generated by the properties fits well with obligations like paying out pensions, Prudential Plc Chief Executive Officer Tidjane Thiam said at the Economist Insurance Summit in February.

Growing online sales may lead to mergers and acquisitions in the warehousing industry, JPMorgan Chase & Co. said in a note to investors last month. Europe's retail-focused real estate investment trusts should buy logistics property companies so they can offer tenants both stores and warehouse space to supply Internet sales, the analysts said.

While rental income at logistics centers beats other types of properties, average selling prices haven't kept up. Europe's income-producing warehouses sold at yields of 7.5 percent at the end of 2012, up from 7.4 percent a year earlier, according to Jones Lang, indicating a decline in prices. Yields for office buildings fell to 5.2 percent from 5.3 percent and shops declined to 5 percent from 5.1 percent.

Supply Shortage

Values were held back last year as the euro region's economy shrunk by 0.5 percent and large transactions in Portugal, Spain and Italy became "almost non-existent," BNP Paribas said in the report. A lack of development caused by the economic uncertainty over the past three years has led to a supply shortage of prime assets that allowed landlords to reduce incentives to tenants significantly, it said.

LogiCor is looking at investing in Spain because "there's practically no debt available", Barzegar said, and "there might be some good opportunities in those markets to acquire assets at very attractive pricing."

Valad Europe Plc, owned by its management and funds operated by Blackstone, plans to buy German logistics buildings as the country's economy continues to grow, Chief Executive Officer Martyn McCarthy said in a March interview. The company remains interested in U.K. assets even as the economy struggles, he said.

German Strength

Online purchases and demand for modern facilities supported the German market in 2012, when new rentals were second only to the record level reached a year earlier, BNP Paribas said. Frankfurt and Hamburg accounted for the biggest increase for warehouses larger than 5,000 square meters.

LogiCor is also "keen to get a foothold" in Germany, Barzegar said.

Brookfield is in talks to buy London-based industrial developer Gazeley Ltd. from closely held Economic Zones Worldwide FZE, and may reach an agreement as early as May, according to a person with knowledge of the talks who declined to be identified because the discussions are private. A deal would give Brookfield an entry into the European warehouses market, where Gazeley owns properties and development sites, mostly in the U.K. and France.

Segro Plc (SGRO), the U.K.'s largest publicly traded owner of industrial properties, plans to sell an office park in England for more than 200 million pounds ($306 million) according to two people with knowledge of the talks. It will use the proceeds to buy logistics properties around major ports and airports in Europe, one of the people said.

Doubling Assets

AEW Europe is seeking to double its logistics assets to two billion euros and may achieve that by the end of 2017, Chief Investment Officer Rob Wilkinson said in an interview. The company's Logistis fund has 1 billion euros in assets.

"There is a core group of players that occupy much of the space," he said. "But to work with them you need a certain scale and critical mass."

Across Europe, rents are 10 percent to 15 percent lower than they need to be to justify speculative development, Dunne said. Some markets have virtually no modern buildings and that's a critical component for rental growth, he said. Those areas include the West Midlands and London in the U.K., German cities like Frankfurt, Munich and its Rhine-Ruhr region.

"It's not going to be a gold rush. It will be very selective," Dunne said. "It means the market isn't going to be flooded with product, it's going to be controlled."

(BN) Europe Wins the Google Battle That U.S. Couldn't

(Bloomberg ) The European Union's antitrust authority just accomplished what the U.S. Federal Trade Commission concluded in January it could not: It partially pried Google Inc.'s hands off the Internet steering wheel.

To settle an antitrust investigation, Google is agreeing to distinguish between its own services and those of competitors in search results, Bloomberg News reports. This will slow -- though not stop -- the digital economy's gatekeeper from leveraging its dominance in search into market power in other areas.

Currently, when a consumer looks for, say, flights on Google, the search engine provides a list of airfares offered by Google's advertisers. Next comes a box, dubbed a "Google flight search,'' listing the major carriers and their prices. Only after that do online travel services, including Expedia, Kayak and TripAdvisor, appear; they often provide less expensive fares yet can require more time to filter through the many options.

The same goes for shopping services. Google Shopping caught on slowly until the company began inserting the price-comparison site near the top of search results, pushing down competitors' listings and reducing the odds that a consumer would see or click on them.

Google also has created specialized search results that provide direct answers to queries before providing links to shopping search engines. The strategy has worked: Google Shopping ranks among the highest product sites, while traffic to rivals, including Nextag, Shopper.com and PriceGrabber, has plummeted.

Google says it's making life easier for us all by listing its specialized results and services first. Those wishing to use the discounters are free to keep clicking. The EU apparently disagrees and has "invited" Google to change its practices to avoid a lawsuit.

Google has proposed, and the EU appears willing to accept, a three-part approach, according to the Financial Times: For sites on which Google doesn't sell ads, such as news and weather, it will label its in-house services as Google-owned. In other words, the EU wants consumers to consider results that give priority to Google's own services as if they were paid advertisements. For sites on which Google sells ads, including travel and local company reviews, it will more prominently display links to at least three competitors, such as travel-service rivals Expedia, TripAdvisor and Kayak. And for areas in which search results consist of paid ads, such as shopping, Google will hold auctions for competitors who wish to have their links displayed.

The upshot is that, because of the FTC's hesitance, searches in the U.S. will produce less consumer-friendly results. The FTC, after a two-year investigation, closed its case after concluding that Google was motivated more by wanting to improve the user's experience than by a desire to stifle competition. The FTC was giving Google the benefit of the doubt.

EU Competition Commissioner Joaquin Almunia seems to have started from the opposite vantage point -- that Google is an aggressive competitor and will try to cement its Internet dominance whichever way it can. Google's market share for search is about 90 percent in the EU and more than 80 percent in the U.S.

Competitors who instigated the EU investigation can claim a partial victory, though they aren't pleased that Google won't have to change its algorithms. The company can keep giving preferred placement in results to in-house services so long as they're clearly labeled. The EU settlement also contains no finding that the company broke antitrust rules.

Still, the agreement is legally binding for five years, with a third party monitoring compliance. Google could face a fine of as much as 10 percent of annual sales for failing to keep its promises. The FTC's decision, on the other hand, isn't binding. In the U.S., Google voluntarily agreed to small changes having to do with advertising without signing a consent decree.

If the EU-imposed changes fail to help rivals whose Internet traffic has been decimated because of Google's algorithms -- or if the labeling backfires and confers a special status on Google's services -- EU antitrust authorities could strike again. State attorneys general, consumer advocates and members of Congress will also be watching the EU's upcoming market test of Google's proposed changes.

The FairSearch Coalition, a group of technology companies including Microsoft, Expedia and Nokia, will make sure of that. They are among the companies that claimed Google gave itself preferential treatment in search results. FairSearch already has filed a separate complaint against Google over its Android operating system on mobile phones. And Google's Motorola Mobility unit is the subject of another EU probe related to patent licensing. This war -- Google versus everyone else -- is just warming up.